{"id":146179,"date":"2025-05-14T09:30:50","date_gmt":"2025-05-14T09:30:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/icelandictimes.com\/?p=146179"},"modified":"2025-05-15T01:36:03","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T01:36:03","slug":"researching-icelands-puffins","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/icelandictimes.com\/fr\/researching-icelands-puffins\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019Islande : A la recherche des macareux"},"content":{"rendered":"

A la recherche des macareux<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

N\u00e1tt\u00farustofa Su\u00f0urlands, le Centre de Recherche sur la Nature du Sud de l\u2019Islande, a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 la population de macareux, et nous en donne ici un constat dramatique.<\/p>\n

Lors de leur visite en Islande, les amateurs d\u2019oiseaux sont ravis de pouvoir observer plus de 300 esp\u00e8ces d\u2019oiseaux r\u00e9partis sur toute l\u00b4\u00eele. En effet, l\u2019Islande est une escale pour ces oiseaux migrateurs, voyageant entre l\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Nord et l\u2019Europe.<\/p>\n

Parmi les esp\u00e8ces d\u2019oiseaux les plus r\u00e9pandues, on trouve le Faucon gerfaut, le Plongeon huard et le Plongeon imbrin, le canard Arlequin et le garrot d\u00b4Islande.<\/p>\n

Cependant, les oiseaux \u00e9voquant l\u2019Islande restent les adorables Macareux moines, au corps noir et blanc, aux pattes orange vif et au bec ray\u00e9 rouge, bleu et orange. Les Macareux sont de remarquables nageurs et plongeurs, capables de rester sous l\u2019eau plus de 2 minutes, et de remonter \u00e0 la surface avec plein de petits poissons dans leurs becs. Parfaitement \u00e0 l\u00b4aise dans l\u00b4eau, ils le sont moins lorsqu\u00b4ils atterrissent sur la terre ferme, ce qui en fait leur charme. Il est possible de les voir l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 dans certaines r\u00e9gions de l\u00b4Islande, dont les \u00eeles Westman, l\u00b4\u00eele de Grimsey, les falaises de L\u00e1trabjarg dans les fjords du Nord-Ouest, \u00e0 Hafnarh\u00f3lmi dans la r\u00e9gion de Borgarfj\u00f6r\u00f0ur Eystri, et sur l\u00b4\u00eele de Papey.<\/p>\n

\"Bruges
Dr. Erpur Sn\u00e6r Hansen<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

En 2002, environ 7,7 millions de macareux ont choisi l\u2019Islande comme terre d\u2019accueil pour les mois d\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9, mais ce nombre a diminu\u00e9 fortement ces 13 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, \u00e0 un rythme alarmant. On estime aujourd\u2019hui \u00e0 3,2 millions le nombre de macareux restant sur le territoire islandais, selon Erpur Sn\u00e6r Hansen, Directeur de la Recherche Environnementale au N\u00e1tt\u00farustofa Su\u00f0urlands (Centre de recherche sur la Nature du Sud de l\u2019Islande).<\/p>\n

N\u00e1tt\u00farustofa Su\u00f0urlands a \u00e9t\u00e9 fond\u00e9 en 1996, et se compose d\u2019une \u00e9quipe de chercheurs scientifiques charg\u00e9s de trouver des solutions aux probl\u00e8mes environnementaux, notamment concernant la faune.\"IMG_9958Erpur est charg\u00e9, depuis 2007, d\u2019\u00e9tudier la population de macareux des Iles Westman, et dispose aujourd\u2019hui de quelques r\u00e9sultats sur le sujet. \u00ab\u00a0Si les temp\u00e9ratures de la surface de la mer en hiver restent \u00e0 des niveaux que nous rencontrons aujourd\u2019hui, ou augmente encore, alors, affirme Erpur, la plupart des Macareux du Sud et de l\u2019Ouest de l\u2019Islande auront disparu d\u00b4ici 10 \u00e0 20 ans. Nous parcourons l\u2019Islande deux fois par \u00e9t\u00e9 pour comptabiliser le nombre de poussins.\u00a0\u00bb, d\u00e9clare-t-il \u00ab\u00a0Nous \u00e9tudions \u00e9galement leur mode d\u2019alimentation et leur environnement.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

La population des macareux d\u2019Islande souffre fortement \u00e0 cause du manque de nourriture. \u00ab\u00a0Ils se nourrissent plus particuli\u00e8rement de deux esp\u00e8ces de poissons\u00a0: des capelans et des anguilles\u00a0\u00bb, explique Erpur. \u00ab\u00a0Les populations d\u2019anguilles ont diminu\u00e9 entre 2003 et 2005, et n\u00b4ont pas r\u00e9augment\u00e9es depuis. Nous pensons que c\u2019est un vrai probl\u00e8me\u00a0\u00bb. L\u2019hypoth\u00e8se principale, selon le Centre de Recherche, est celle du r\u00e9chauffement des eaux en hiver, qui augmente le taux de mortalit\u00e9 des jeunes anguilles qui \u00e9puisent leurs r\u00e9serves d\u2019\u00e9nergie durant la p\u00e9riode hivernale, et ce, avant l\u2019apparition de la nourriture de printemps. Dans le m\u00eame temps, l\u2019arriv\u00e9e du printemps a \u00e9t\u00e9 aussi retard\u00e9e. Ce manque de poissons gras a entra\u00een\u00e9 une famine au sein de certaines colonies de Macareux. L\u2019impact est r\u00e9el. Les macareux adultes doivent aller chercher plus loin la nourriture pour leurs petits, tout en revenant avec moins de poissons.\"_MG_4871Les chercheurs ont pu observer des poussins mourant de faim, des nids abandonn\u00e9s, et beaucoup moins de Macareux adultes nourrissant leurs petits.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0On a d\u00e9j\u00e0 rencontr\u00e9 ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne\u00a0\u00bb, dit Erpur, expliquant que la dynamique des populations est li\u00e9e \u00e0 un cycle p\u00e9riodique de r\u00e9chauffement appel\u00e9 AMO, (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation). En fait, les eaux encerclant l\u2019Islande se r\u00e9chauffent pendant\u00a0\u00a0 environ 35 ans, et ensuite se refroidissent pendant 35 autres ann\u00e9es. L\u00b4\u00e9volution du nombre de Macareux a suivi la m\u00eame tendance en parall\u00e8le, diminu\u00e9 puis augment\u00e9, suivant ces p\u00e9riodes. Il appara\u00eet cependant que ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne est diff\u00e9rent aujourd\u2019hui. Les temp\u00e9ratures des oc\u00e9ans ont augment\u00e9 jusqu\u00b4\u00e0 2\u00b0C depuis la derni\u00e8re p\u00e9riode de froid, mais ont vari\u00e9 de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re lors de la derni\u00e8re p\u00e9riode de chaleur (1920-1964). L\u2019arriv\u00e9e du printemps est aujourd\u00b4hui fortement retard\u00e9e, et ses cons\u00e9quences sur la p\u00e9riode de chaleur sont inconnues. Les b\u00e9b\u00e9s Macareux ressentent cet impact. M\u00eame si l\u2019on attendait la fin du cycle de la p\u00e9riode chaude, soit environ en 2030, il ne ferait sans doute pas assez froid \u00e0 cause du r\u00e9chauffement de la plan\u00e8te. \u00ab\u00a0Le r\u00e9chauffement climatique est ressenti jusqu\u2019en Islande\u00a0\u00bb, dit-il. \u00ab\u00a0Cela acc\u00e9l\u00e8re les choses et les oiseaux souffrent.\u00a0\u00bb\"_MG_0494Face au d\u00e9clin de la population de Macareux, le gouvernement doit r\u00e9agir, nous dit Erpur. \u00ab\u00a0La chasse n\u00b4est pas viable \u00bb, dit-il. \u00ab\u00a0Nous devons repenser notre syst\u00e8me de gestion et le baser sur les \u00e9tudes des chercheurs et sur la pr\u00e9servation, de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re que ce qui est fait en Islande avec la p\u00eache industrielle. Il est temps d\u00b4agir\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Les Macareux ayant un impact positif sur le tourisme, ils sont un \u00e9l\u00e9ment important que le gouvernement doit prendre en compte\u00a0\u00bb, dit Erpur.\u00a0\u00ab Beaucoup de gens viennent du monde entier pour observer les Macareux moine d\u2019Islande durant les mois d\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb, fait-il remarquer. \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019observation des baleines ou celle des Macareux repr\u00e9sente un chiffre d\u00b4affaire cons\u00e9quent.\u00a0\u00bb Les Macareux rapportent plus vivants que dans l\u00b4assiette. \u00ab\u00a0Voir du Macareux au menu de certains restaurants islandais est d\u00e9cevant\u00a0\u00bb dit Erpur. \u00ab\u00a0Ces oiseaux sont importants et nous sommes en train de les perdre. Il faut changer notre fa\u00e7on de voir les choses pour aider \u00e0 pr\u00e9server l\u2019esp\u00e8ce\u00a0\u00bb. Une solution facile et responsable du gouvernement serait d\u2019en interdire le commerce.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A la recherche des macareux N\u00e1tt\u00farustofa Su\u00f0urlands, le Centre de Recherche sur la Nature du Sud de l\u2019Islande, a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 la population de macareux, et nous en donne ici un constat dramatique. Lors de leur visite en Islande, les amateurs d\u2019oiseaux sont ravis de pouvoir observer plus de 300 esp\u00e8ces d\u2019oiseaux r\u00e9partis sur toute l\u00b4\u00eele. En effet, l\u2019Islande est une escale pour ces oiseaux migrateurs, voyageant entre l\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Nord et l\u2019Europe. Parmi les esp\u00e8ces d\u2019oiseaux les plus r\u00e9pandues, on […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":146175,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[643,430,432,642,8749,446,8873,434,8750,444,440,563],"tags":[9954,9958,9955,9956,9957],"class_list":["post-146179","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-720-fr","category-actualites","category-articles-fr","category-borgarfjordur-eystri-fr","category-culture-fr","category-est-de-lislande","category-magasine-fr","category-magazines-fr","category-nature-and-wildlife-fr","category-sud-de-lislande","category-toute-lannee","category-vestmannaeyjar-fr","tag-birds-fr","tag-erpur-snaer-hansen-fr","tag-puffin-fr","tag-puffins-fr","tag-the-borgarfjordur-eystri-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nL\u2019Islande : A la recherche des macareux - Icelandic Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/icelandictimes.com\/fr\/researching-icelands-puffins\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u2019Islande : A la recherche des macareux - Icelandic Times\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A la recherche des macareux N\u00e1tt\u00farustofa Su\u00f0urlands, le Centre de Recherche sur la Nature du Sud de l\u2019Islande, a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 la population de macareux, et nous en donne ici un constat dramatique. Lors de leur visite en Islande, les amateurs d\u2019oiseaux sont ravis de pouvoir observer plus de 300 esp\u00e8ces d\u2019oiseaux r\u00e9partis sur toute l\u00b4\u00eele. En effet, l\u2019Islande est une escale pour ces oiseaux migrateurs, voyageant entre l\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Nord et l\u2019Europe. 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